Probation is a legal punishment imposed by the judicial system. In criminal law, probation is a term of supervision of an individual that is enforced by a judge.

Collateral Consequences Resource Center
Undated
Collateral Consequences of Criminal Conviction and Restoration of Rights is a non-profit organization through the nonprofit National Consumer Law Center (NCLC) that promotes public engagement on issues raised by the legal restrictions and societal stigma that burden people with a criminal record long after their criminal case is closed. It has an array of information.

Probation Officer Roles: A Statutory Analysis
Date: December 2015
A study of probation officer duties in statutes and practice from the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Washington State University, looks at the changes in probation work over the past 30 years because of statutory requirements and the law in contrast to the practice of a balanced approach which supports the direction in which community corrections is moving based on science.

Use of Structured Sanctions and Incentives in Probation and Parole Supervision
Date: July 2020
This study from the Robina Institute of Law and Criminal Justice provides research on the use of sanctions grids used by probation and parole agencies and the impact on recidivism compared to the agency benefit of using resources and lowering the use of custodial sanctions.

Low-risk Offenders Under Probation Supervision: Risk Management and the Risk-Needs-Responsivity Framework
Date: August 2018
This study by Jill Viglione and Faye Taxman explores the probation officer's perceptions on the use of telephonic supervision of low-risk probationers and how the officer attitudes impact the supervision and the tendency to over-supervise due to the perception of telephone monitoring and public safety.

Probation Reform in Arizona
Date: April 2018
Arizona has saved millions of dollars by keeping people out of prison since it introduced a more rigorous adult probation program in the early 2000s and continues today. This video presented by the PBS station in Phoenix describes changes being made with justice-involved individuals and the changes necessary for probation officers to change the probation culture.

Los Angeles Probation Governance Study/Review of Best Practices in Probation
Date: April 2017
This article by Resource Development Associates (RDI) provides an overview of the Los Angeles Probation Department based on components developed by RDI to include all aspects of the operations of probation. In addition, each section outlines the observations of the subject areas.

Roles, Responsibilities, and Competencies for Supervision
Undated
This training module presentation supports the approach to supervision with the identity of a coach. A curriculum can be built around this module which cites several articles regarding the officer as a coach.

A Scalable Empathic Supervision Intervention to Mitigate Recidivism from Probation and Parole
Date: March 2021
This Psychological and Cognitive Sciences study of probation and parole officers review the options of an empathetic supervision approach to supervision by promoting empathy from officers to understand the individuals on probation or parole better and better understand from their perspectives to reduce violations and recidivism.

50 State Survey: Probation and Parole Fees
Date: May 2022
This publication from the Fines and Fees Justice Center Reform Alliance provides a state-by-state review of the scope of probation and parole fees and the consequences for failure to pay at the time of publication.

Just the Facts: Revocations for Failure to Comply with Supervision Conditions and Sentencing Outcomes
Date: June 2022
Just the Facts is a feature that highlights issues and trends in the judiciary based on data collected by the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (AO).

Surfing the Three Waves of CBT in Community Supervision
Date: December 2021
This article from Federal Probation discusses the impacts of cognitive behavioral therapy programming on justice-involved individuals during probation supervision visits.

Employment-based Earned-Time Credits in Adult Supervision
Date: September 2021
This 2021 study from the Cicero Institute, a nonpartisan group of policy innovators with government experience in legislative, research, technology, and more, outlines the concept of earned time credits and an incentive-based approach to individuals while on supervision.

Violence and Gun Violence Among Justice-involved Persons: Practice Guidelines for Probation Staff
Date: June 2022
This article from Federal Probation outlines interventions and supervision strategies for persons with a violent conviction, weapons conviction, or history of violent behavior. It includes information on violence and gun violence, how existing supervision strategies affect how we supervise those with violent behaviors, and promising approaches, including cognitive behavioral therapies and education and family programming impacts.

Intimate Partner Violence Among Justice-involved Persons: Practice Guidelines for Probation Staff
Date: June 2022
This study from George Mason University, published in Federal Probation, outlines the types of intimate partners involved in the criminal justice system and guides supervision and interventions.